Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) - 1653 Words

Review: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes seen in other age related diseases are also playing a key role in the development of AMD. This disease affects the central areas of the retina and choroid. In return central vision is impaired while peripheral vision is usually not lost. AMD is seen in two different forms, the earlier nonneovascular (dry) type and the more advanced neovascular (wet) type. Each form has its own specific pathology and unique characteristics that set them apart. Fatty, protein deposits called drusens may be the k ey risk factor in understanding dry AMD pathology, progression, and treatment. Once the more advanced wet AMD is diagnosed, pathology and treatment are targeted around the formation and destruction of abnormal blood vessels, characteristic of the wet AMD eye. The increasing prevalence of AMD has influenced more investigation into what factors can be modulated to prevent the onset or to stop the progression of AMD. This text will discuss the pathology of drusens and the role of inflammation andShow MoreRelatedAge Related Macular Degeneration ( Amd )1786 Words   |  8 PagesAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a clinical condition in which there is a progressive decrease in central vision. There are two forms of macular degeneration, dry/nonexudative and wet/exudative, and these differ in fundal findings and treatment options. Dry macular degeneration is due to accumulation of drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane and eventually progresses t o geographic atrophy. Geographic atrophy refers to loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)Read MoreAge-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Severe Vision and Blindnes in Our Elderly711 Words   |  3 PagesAge-related macular degeneration also known as AMD is a disease leading to severe vision and legal blindness in the elderly population. I will address the health condition description and the disability and functional implications who suffer from this disease. For the health condition description of age-related macular degeneration I will discuss the etiology, onset, prevalence rate, body systems, body structures, and associated deficits that come and are associated with this disease. â€Å"AMD is theRead MoreThe Effects Of Age Related Macular Degeneration Essay2166 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: â€Å"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) specifically affects the macular region of the central retina, where both ganglion cells and cones are present at very high densities.† (Penfold Provis, 2005). In this paper, the origins and effects of macular degeneration, both Age-related (usually expressed in adults over 50) and Juvenile (occurring in the teens and early 20’s) are analyzed and discussed. I hate my life. As the most complex organ in the human body and the only externally viewedRead MoreEye Health And Vision : Macular Degeneration1624 Words   |  7 PagesAND VISION Macular Degeneration is depreciation of the central portion of the retina, which records the images being sent by an eye and is located on the inside back layer of the eye. Retina sends images via the optic nerve from the eye to the brain. Macula is another name for retina’s central portion and is responsible for focusing central vision in the eye. This controls person’s capability to read, drive a ca, recognizes faces or colors. As per one of the article Macular degenerations have saidRead MoreAge Related Macular Degeneration Essays3309 Words   |  14 PagesReview: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processesRead MoreAnatomy Of The Eye : Anatomy Essay1812 Words   |  8 Pagesarriving at the retina however, we must understand the preceding structures through which light not only travels, but bends and refracts to cast a clear image to the back of our eyes. An essential refractive surface, and fully developed by the age of two (2) (Stein. H et al., 2013), the cornea is a thin clear structure, making up the forefront of the eye, and is the first solid structure light encounters on its path to the brain. Connected to the cornea and adding to the posterior continuityRead MoreNeovascular Age-Related Eye Disease Study1211 Words   |  5 Pageslong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (LCPUFA) on neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV AMD) and central geographic atrophy (CGA) over a 12 year intake was studied through a prospective cohort study. The cohort was from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), which is a large phase 3 clinical trial that has tested nutrient and vitamin supplement formulations as prevention methods for AMD. Categories of AMD and risk of progression were determined by the size and extent of drusenRead More The Dilemma of Macular Degeneration Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesThe Dilemma of Macular De generation According to Baily and Hall, while visual impairment early in life is associated with inherited congenital disorders, abnormal fetal devepment, and problems associated with premature birth, most eye conditions are associated with aging. They claim that over 70% of the visually impaired population in the United States is over 65. Age related maculopathy, also called macular degeneration, or AMD, impairs the center of vision in older individuals. The maculaRead MoreUltraviolet Radiation Cause And Effect Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagescomfort. The patients who have a tissue cover into the pupil will need eye surgery. Furthermore, another part of the eye affected by ultraviolet radiation is the lens and the eye disease in this part is a cataract, which cataract disease is caused by degeneration of the lens and symptoms with a blurred vision as a fog, hindering the light to pass into the eyes and the optic nerves are fully. The treatment of cataract disease is surgery to remove the Natural lens and then insert the intraocular lens to replaceRead MoreAge Related Macular Degeneration Case Study1281 Words   |  6 Pages3.7 Age-related macular degeneration 3.7.1 Cause of disease and treatment AMD is the most commonly seen age-related ocular disease in the western world, is most prevalent in those over 55 years of age, and results in visual deficits [81, 92-94]. AMD can be divided into two categories: atrophic (as known as dry AMD, 90% prevalence) and exudative (wet AMD, more severe) AMD. Dry AMD is a consequence of drusen accumulation, and the wet form is associated with abnormal angiogenesis (Figure 3). Currently

Madame Bovary Personal Response Free Essays

In part two of Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert we see Emma’s development as a character in a negative way. Emma’s development is seen as she embarks on a path to moral and financial corruption all for a search of love and passion. The passion and love Emma seeks cannot be found in the reality of that time causing her to feel imprisoned in society with Charles whom she has no passion or lust for. We will write a custom essay sample on Madame Bovary Personal Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now To Emma love is defined as lustful, spontaneous action which she only reads about in her romance novels. SHe learns to fulfill this inner lust by undertaking in adultery with different men.Throughout this section of the novel we see the emotions Emma encounters, guilt, anger, lust, passion and spiritual longing. â€Å"The more Emma became aware of her love, the more she suppressed it. She would have liked Leon to guess at it†¦ † [p. 86] This quote shows the change is Emma’s character from part one due to the fact that in part one she only longed for such a relationship and what she read in books and took pity on herself while now she has taken action by committing adultery. When Emma first meets Leon there is a spark and common interests emerge unlike between Emma and Charles. This is seen in the quote â€Å"Their Eyes indeed were full of more serious conversation; and, while they were struggling in search of banal phrases, each felt assailed by the same langour; it was like a murmur from the soul†¦ † [p. 88] Emma’s Lust for Leon is an example of the commencement of her thoughts of adultery actions, once Leon leaves she becomes even less satisfied by Charles than before and continues to seek for that same love she had for Leon. She goes to such extremes with love due to her idea of love coming from novels, this is seen when she considers ruining after Leo after he had left for Paris.This part of the novel is seen as Emma’s attempt at filling an empty gap in her hear in search of romance that she has always longer for yet never grasped. She seems to do this by committing such unfaithful acts. â€Å"†¦ but i always relish the upheaval; I do love being on the move. † This quote emphasizes the fact that Emma cannot stay with one decision or be in one place for a long period of time because she is easily bored and dissatisfied. Once Leon leaves Mme. Bovary has an understanding of her feelings for Leon and her regret for not pursuing these feelings. the bad days form Tostes came back again. † [p. 114] Emma then realizes the option of adultery and Leon was the one to open this idea up to her.This is what leads her to commit adultery later on in this section of the novel. The second major development is the love affair between Mme. Bovary and Rodolphe. This love affair fulfills the dream of the romance she has always longed for from the books that she has read. â€Å"She merged onto her own imaginings, played a real part, realizing the long dream of her youth, seeing herself as one of those great lovers she had so long envied! † [p. 51] This quote emphasizes Emma’s happiness and sense of accomplishment that she feels during the affair. This is a development in her character because this can be compared to previous areas in the book where she was bored and unhappy waiting for something to occur this sudden even has now changed this view on life to a more happy one.This is because there was now an aspect of excitement that allows her to experience her dreams that she has so long longed for which causes her to isolate herself from reality. This is seen when she wants to run away with Rodolphe â€Å"Take me away! † [p. 80] This also shows Emma’s selfish behavior because she is acting only to please herself while Charles sacrifices his love and lets Emma be with Rodolphe to treat her depression (illness). The final major development in Emma is when she is plunged back into reality with the letter the Rodolphe sends her. This letter allows her to realize the difference between the romantic novels and dreams and reality. The fact that she had so many ideas to pursue with Rodolphe such as running away which she though would allow her total freedom.However these longings are all crushed and the caged feeling from before begins to come back again. why have not done with it? Who was to stop her? She was free† This quote shows her thoughts of running away with Rodolphe and how she want to be free. In conclusion these major developments such as the love for Leon and the introduction to the idea of adultery as well as the affair with Rodolphe and the longing for freedom show Madame Bovary’s change throughout part two of the novel. One is also able to see the constant unstable actions of Emma and her decisions. She is one to go from being spiritual to wanting to commit suicide, then desiring a proper family household and yet none of these make her happy for very long. How to cite Madame Bovary Personal Response, Papers

Journal Of The Operational Research Society â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of The Operational Research Society? Answer: Introduction In the recent years, the importance of the supply chain in the performance of the business organizations has drastically increased. There are several reasons such as the economic globalization, technology development, growing consumer power and the global focus on the sustainability. The supply chain forecasting and its accuracy has become essential in increasing the performance of the supply chain. With the growing importance of the supply chain in increasing the performance of the supply chain, the interest of the researchers has also grown in this area. The present literature review will discuss the views pertinent to different authors who have discussed role of forecasting in enhancing supply chain performance, the importance of the forecasting accuracy, the impact of adopting structured quantitative and qualitative forecast techniques in forecast accuracy and finally review benefits and challenges associated with forecasting in manufacturing environment. Supply Chain The supply chain refers to the activities, processes and relationships which are present in the manufacturing process and includes the material sourcing, product manufacturing and storing through the process of logistics and manufacturing, and finally delivering the manufactured products to the end consumer. In the manufacturing process, the supply chain is not a linear set of activities; however, it comprises a complex set of processes, activities or relationships which are essential in the manufacturing process (Rai, PAtnayakuni Seth, 2006). Forecasting The forecasting is an act which predicts the business activities of the demand of a particular commodity in the near future. The prediction is conducted based in the information available at the present time. The supply chain is dependent on relationships which are developed during the manufacturing of a specific product or service. The forecasting process works as a guidance for the future business activities (Hyndman Athanaspopolos, 2014). The forecasting can be conducted by analyzing the previous years or the historic data. It is called quantitative method of forecasting as it uses the previous year data or statistics to predict the changes in future. Other than that, there are qualitative methods of forecasting too in which the experts use their knowledge to predict the future trends. In order to attain accurate forecasting, a combination of both the methods will be used. It can be used to plan the activities and establishing a link between the upstream and the downstream activi ties. Role of forecasting in Enhancing Supply Chain Performance In the perspective of Gunasekaran, Patel, McGaughey (2004), forecasting and the product development lifecycle are important part of the supply chain. Forecasting is the method of meeting the customers needs and demands in a timely fashion which impacts the supply chain performance measures as they are all linked to the perceived customer value of the product. Rotemberg Saloner (1989) have discussed that the forecasting methods warrant that that there is constant monitoring by the management and there is improvement in the performance measures. Accurate forecasting prediction requires that there are cross-functional teams, rapid prototyping and engineering approaches. According to the Hsu Chen (2003), there are several alternative methods which are used in the forecasting process; however, to maintain the forecasting accuracy feedback of the previous activities must be used to modify the forecasting instrument. Gunasekaran, Patel McGaughey, (2004) has stated that the accuracy of t he forecasting methods can be improved by benchmarking them with the other methods. Other than that, by integrating different production schedules, an organization can increase the demand forecasting for different links in the supply chain. In the perspective of Taylor (2003) is also important to increase the accuracy of the supply chain forecast as the accuracy is directly linked with the performance of the supply chain. In the views of Chen, Drezner, Ryan Simchi-Levi, (2000) forecasting methods can also remove the uncertainties in the supply chain. The benchmarking technique integration with other forecasting methods can give a better understanding and accuracy. According to McCarthy and Golicic (2001), strategic competitive advantage can be gained by the business organizations if the forecasting techniques are integrated with the supply chain performance. According to Taylor Buizza (2003); it is important to create collaborative relationships with the trade partners and other tiers in the supply chain to improve the forecast accuracy. According to Lee, Padmanabhan Whang, (1997), forecasting is a pivotal business function which can improve the performance of the organization by disrupting the activities related to planning, order and replenishing of the products. The collaborative forecasting has the potential to increase the performance of the firms. The literature of Lockamy McCormack (2004) has discussed the importance of collaborative forecasting by integrating customers planning into the manufacturing process and developing supply chain metrics to increase the supply chain performance. Cachon Lariviere (2001) has highlighted the importance of a tool named, CPRF in the forecasting method. It combines forecasting and collaboration between different members of the supply chain. CPRF (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment) enhances the performance of supply chain by supporting and assisting joint practices between different sections of supply chain. In the views of Aburto Weber (2007) forecasting tools can increase the efficiency, increase the sales, reduce the assets, working capital and decrease the inventory associated with the supply chain. However, Cachon Fisher (2000) have stated that this forecasting method demands reliance with other supply chain partners and requires timely and detailed information with the trading partners. In the views of Lee Billington (1992) forecasting tools can improve the performance of the supply chain; however, it requires substantial investment in human and technological resources. Recently, the alternative approaches can increase the responsiveness and product availability of assurance of the organization. It has been discussed by Devaraj, Krajewaki, Wei (2007) that in the forecasting procedure, several different processes are required. The companies must audit their internal forecasting process before collaborating with different trading partners and better to work jointly on demands planning. Bacchetti Saccani (2012) have discussed that there are four components of the trading partners, such as management, systems, techniques and the performance measurement. In the forecasting process, the involvement of the senior management is important. The training is important in boundary-spanning personnel forecasting. In the forecasting process, the market intelligence is obtained. Stadtler (2005) have discussed market intelligence is obtained from different sources, primary of which are the salesperson, purchasing managers and the buyers. In the perception of Makridakis Wheelwright (1977) marketing mix activities and the perception of the customers, suppliers are important to understand th e shaping of demand in the near future. The information sharing between the trading partners can reduce the demand and supply uncertainty in the future. The forecasting gives information regarding the future demand, supply or the price of the manufactured products. Therefore, it is essential in the management of the supply chain. Forecasting Accuracy In the perception of Fildes, Goodwin, Lawrence and Nikolopoulos (2009), forecasting accuracy is very important in the planning process of supply-chain companies. In the supply chain companies, the forecasting demand involves the computerized forecasting system which can produce initial forecast and these forecasts can adjust the demand planning of the company. It increases the accuracy of the forecasting system. The accuracy of the statistical forecasting system can be enhanced when the experts adjust the forecast according to their judgment and takes into consideration special events and changes in the statistical model. Stadtler (2005) have discussed the judgmental adjustments can improve the accuracy of the forecast in the manufacturing firms; however, it may introduce the bias in the forecasting. In the views of Nenni, Giustiniano Pirolo, (2013) forecasters make unnecessary adjustments in the absence of reliable information which may hinders the accuracy of the forecast. In the views of Acar, Yavuz, Gardner (2012) forecast adjustments made by the experts can yield better results. The large judgmental adjustments in improving the accuracy of the forecast. Ali, Mohammad Boylan, John (2010) have discussed that there are several reasons for the efficacy of the large adjustments such as large adjustments are applied when there is reliable information. In the perception of Aviv (2001) small adjustments are usually less effective as the information on which these adjustments are carried is considered as unreliable. According to Baumann (2010/2011), human decision making is as such that they ignore the good advice and the computer mediated advice and have excessive trust on their personal judgment. Boylan (2010) has discussed that the many times, the users make adjustments to the predictions which decreases the accuracy of the forecasting. In the perception of Cachon Lairiviere, (2001) forecasting accuracy is important in the supply chain management and other organizational functions such as scheduling, resource planning and the marketing depends on the accuracy of the organization forecast. According to Chen Wolfe (2011), the forecast accuracy is an important part in the delivery of the supply chain. Datta Christopher (2011) have discussed that the forecasting tools must capture the hard data as well as the judgmental data to achieve accurate results. It is important to maintain accuracy in the forecasting predictions as the organization will have to make orders to the suppliers or manufacture the products according to the results of the forecasts. Adoption of Structured Quantitative or Qualitative Forecast Techniques in forecast Accuracy In the perception of Derrouiche, Neubert, Bouras (2008) quantitative forecasting methods are widely adopted to support the companys operations in the supply chain activities. According to Durango-Cohen Yano (2011), there are several techniques used for the quantitative forecasting such as trend analysis, seasonal adjustments, decomposition, graphical methods, econometric modelling and life cycle modeling. Ebrahim-Khanjari, Hopp Iravani, (2012) have discussed that the trend analysis is the method of forecasting the data when there is definite upward or downward pattern for the forecast. In the perception of Ellinger, Shin, Northington Adams, (2012), uses several models for the forecasting such as exponential smoothing, regression and the triple smoothing. According to Fildes Kingsman (2011), seasonal adjustment refers to the model in which the variation in demand in different seasons can be identified. The adjustments are made in the baseline forecast so that the impact of the se asonal demand can be identified. Fildes Goodwin (2007) have discussed that the decomposition in another method of forecasting in which the data is separated into three different sections, namely, trend, seasonal and the cyclic data. Fildes, Goodwin, Lawrence Nikolopoulos (2009) have stated trend refers to the horizontal upward or downward movement with time. According to Fildes Hastings, (1994), trend can be a recurring demand pattern with some or no repetition. The random is another set of data which comprises of the data in which no pattern can be identified. Fildes, Goodwin Lawrence (2006) have stated that forecast method can project the patterns and can combine them to generate some relevant information. Forslund Jonsson (2007) that the quantitative forecasting method can be used to represent an objective picture of the actual sales. The quantitative forecasting relies on the statistics and the sales or the demand patterns in the previous years. Franses Legerstee (2011) ha ve stated that the quantitative forecasting methods helps the business managers to focus on the recent data and the company can spot trends which provide accurate sales and market forecast. In the perception of Ho Ireland (2012), there are several benefits of employing quantitative forecast methods in the sales or the demand forecast. Huang, Hsieh Farn (2011) have discussed that it can also temper unwanted enthusiasm or falsified numbers provided by the employees. It can show the realistic numbers and establish a reality check for the organization. It can also be used to generate or find patterns for making more accurate projections with the help of number. In the perception of Jonsson Gustavsson (2008) quantitative forecasting methods are also beneficial in attracting external stakeholders within the organization. The external stakeholders rely on accurate numbers more than the enthusiasm of the people. The potential investors will also feel comfortable with the forecast process . According to Klatch (2007), qualitative forecasting methods is another reliable method of forecasting for the demand and the sales. The qualitative forecasting methods are based on the judgment and the opinion of the managers and the executives of the business organizations. There are several methods which are used in qualitative forecasting methods, namely, executive opinion, Delphi technique, Sales force polling and the consume surveys. Lau, Ho, Zhao, (2013) have discussed that the choice of the forecasting impacts on the product life cycle and the decision-making of the organization. LeBlanc, Hill, Harder Greenwell (2009) have stated quantitative models are only applicable if there is little to no systematic change in the environment. When the patterns or relationships between different factors change, there is little to no systematic change in the environment. Liao Chang (2010) have stated that the objective models are of little use if there is a changing relationship between different entities. However, the qualitative approach can be applied in these cases. The qualitative approach is the approach which is based on the human judgment. According to Mishra, Raghunathan Yue (2009), the judgmental forecasting base the forecasting on the existing trends and they are also possess a number of shortcomings. However, the advantage of these forecasting methods is that they can identify the systematic changes more quickly and can interpret the impact of these changes in a better manner. Morlidge (2014) has discussed that judgmental forecasting tools are useful in shor t-term forecasting methods and can supplement or support the projections which is established with any of the quantitative method. According to Nikolopoulos Fildes (2013) executive opinions refers to the forecasting approach in which the executives from sales, production, finance or administration can generate an accurate forecast about the future sales. The qualitative forecasting method can is feasible when there is lack of feasible historic data (Require rephrasing). In the perception of Olhager (2013), the Delphi method is a structured communication technique which establishes a forecasting method involving interaction between different forecasting approaches and relying on a panel of experts. The Delphi method is dependent on the principle that forecasting from a structured group of individuals is more efficient than forecasting from unstructured group. It can be summarized that a combination of both qualitative and quantitative forecasting methods can be used to enhance the accuracy of the forecasting. Both of the methods are complementary and can be used in combination to enhance the accuracy of the forecasting process. Benefits and challenges associated with Forecasting in Manufacturing Environment Oliva Watson, (2009) have discussed that there are several benefits of forecasting in the supply chain of manufacturing organizations. In the forecasting process in the manufacturing companies, there are three types of forecasting, namely, demand forecasting, supply forecasting and the price forecasting. Parks (2012), the demand forecasting, the companies search investigate the demand of an object by the industry and the end users. In the supply forecasting, the companies collects the data about the current producers and the suppliers. In the perception of Ali, Mohammad Boylan, John (2010), the supply demands are evaluated according to the technological and the political trends which might affect the supply of the organization. The manufacturing companies manufacture a product which is sold to the end users. Therefore, determining the price of the manufactured products is also essential. In the perspective of Aviv (2001), price forecast should provide a prediction of the short and the long term prices of the products. There are several benefits of the forecasting in the manufacturing industries such as increase in the customer satisfaction, reducing the stock-out in the inventories and scheduling the production of the organization in a better and productive manner. It has been discussed in the literature of Baumann (2010/2011) the manufacturing industries, it is important to keep the customers satisfied, it is important to provide them, the product or the services that they want. The forecasting in the business helps in the prediction of demand so that the customer demands can be fulfilled in the shortest lead time. Another benefit of the demand forecasting is reduction in the inventory stock-out. It has been discussed by Cachon Lairiviere (2001) manufacturing organizations, the companies work with different suppliers and have a long lead time. If a business organiz ation is buying from the companies with the longer lead time, then demand forecast is important so that the suppliers can arrange raw materials for the manufacturing process. It also reduces the requirement of the safety stocks in the inventory. Chen Wolfe (2011) have discussed that good forecasting process can lead to proper inventory arrangements and links. It identifies the production requests in the future. It is also important in the new product launch and examining the seasonal variations in the demand. Similarly, there are certain challenges in the demand forecasting process of an organization. In the perspective of Berbain, Bourbannais Vallin (2011), in the present times, there has been a significant change in the consumer behavior as they are looking for diversity in the consuming process as well as they want the consumer products which set them apart from the public. As a result, certain products have a very short product life cycle which led to increasing difficulty in sales forecasting within manufacturing organizations. Datta Christopher (2011) have stated that due to lack of available history makes it difficult to implement the classical sales forecasting methods for the analysis of the previous data. In the present times, it is also important for the organization to increase the safety stocks so that unexpected variations in demand can be compensated. The classical methods of demand forecasting are unable to yield results as they are dependent on the time series analysis. As per the discussion of LeBlanc, Hill, Harder, Greenwell (2009), production decisions are based on the demand forecast of the organization. There is always a lead time or time gap between the earlier forecast and the final receipt of the order. The manufacturers have to start the production as soon as the demand forecast is received. The decision regarding when to start production and how to produce is dependent upon the forecast accuracy and the production cost. The production in the manufacturing organizations is dependent upon the initial forecast which has high uncertainty and low accuracy. Mishra Raghunathan Yue (2009) have discussed that although the accuracy in these decisions is less, these decisions have a long lead time which can assist the companies in taking advantage of cheap material cost, labor cost and can result in overproduction. LeBlanc, Hill, Harder Greenwell (2009) have stated that the production done at the later state is backed by strong forecast, but due t o the short lead time it demands high cost to obtain raw materials and the products should be manufactured at a tight capacity and schedule. An ideal situation is one in which there is early forecast with high level of accuracy. Summary of Literature Review The literature review debated above discusses the importance of qualitative and the quantitative data in enhancing the performance of the supply chain. Most of the literature have stated that both the methods have their unique importance in the forecasting process. The quantitative methods can be used when there is abundant historical data available in the same essence. However, the qualitative methods of forecasting can be used when there is little information of the past. References Aburto, L., Weber, R. (2007). Improved supply chain management based on hybrid demand forecasts.Applied Soft Computing,7(1), 136-144. Acar, Yavuz, Gardner Jr., E. S. (2012). Forecasting method selection in a global supply chain. International Journal of Forecasting. v. 28, issue 4, 842-848. Ali, Mohammad M., Boylan, John E. (2010). The value of forecast information sharing in supply chains. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting. Issue 18, 14-18. Aviv, Y. (2001). The effect of collaborative forecasting on supply chain performance. Management Science. Vol. 47 Issue 10, 1326-1343. Bacchetti, A., Saccani, N. (2012). Spare parts classification and demand forecasting for stock control: Investigating the gap between research and practice.Omega,40(6), 722-737. Baumann, F. (2010/2011). The shelf-connected supply chain: strategically linking CPFR with SOP at the executive level. Journal of Business Forecasting. Winter2010/2011, Vol. 29 Issue 4, 21-28. Boylan, J. (2010). Choosing levels of aggregation for supply chain forecasts. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting. Issue 18, 9-13. Cachon, G. P. Lairiviere, M. A. (2001). Contracting to assure supply: how to share demand forecasts in a supply chain. Management Science. Vol. 47 Issue 5, 629-646. Cachon, G. P., Fisher, M. (2000). Supply chain inventory management and the value of shared information.Management science,46(8), 1032-1048. Cachon, G. P., Lariviere, M. A. (2001). Contracting to assure supply: How to share demand forecasts in a supply chain.Management science,47(5), 629-646 Chen, F., Drezner, Z., Ryan, J. K., Simchi-Levi, D. (2000). Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple supply chain: The impact of forecasting, lead times, and information.Management science,46(3), 436-443. Chen, P.C. Wolfe, P. M. (2011). A data quality model of information-sharing in a two-level supply chain. International Journal of Electronic Business Management. Vol. 9 Issue 1, 70-77. Datta, P.P. Christopher, M. G. (2011). Information sharing and coordination mechanisms for managing uncertainty in supply chains: a simulation study. International Journal of Production Research. Vol. 49 Issue 3, 765-803. Derrouiche, R., Neubert, G. Bouras, A. (2008). Supply chain management: a framework to characterize the collaborative strategies. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Vol. 21 Issue 4, 426-439. Devaraj, S., Krajewaki, L., Wei, J.C. (2007). Impact of eBusiness technologies on operational performance: The role of production information integration in the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, 25, 1199-1216. Durango-Cohen, E. J. Yano, C. A. (2006). Supplier commitment and production decisions under a forecast-commitment contract. Management Science. Vol. 52 Issue 1, 54-67. Durango-Cohen, E. J. Yano, C. A. (2011). Optimizing customer forecasts for forecast- commitment contracts. Production Operations Management. Vol. 20 Issue 5, 681- 698. Ebrahim-Khanjari, N., Hopp, W. Iravani, S. M. R. (2012). Trust and information sharing in supply chains. Production Operations Management. Vol. 21 Issue 3, 444-464. Ellinger, A., Shin, H., Northington, W.M. Adams, F.G. (2012). The influence of supply chain management competency on customer satisfaction and shareholder value. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Volume 17 Number 3, 249262. Fildes, R. Goodwin, P. (2007). Against your better judgment? 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